Sex-stratified Genome-wide Association Studies Including 270,000 Individuals Show Sexual Dimorphism in Genetic Loci for Anthropometric Traits
Randall, Joshua C.; Winkler, Thomas W.; Kutalik, Zoltán; Berndt, Sonja I.; Jackson, Anne U.; Monda, Keri L.; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O.; Esko, Tõnu; Mägi, Reedik; Li, Shengxu; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie; Feitosa, Mary F.; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C.; Day, Felix R.; Fall, Tove; Ferreira, Teresa; Gustafsson, Stefan; Locke, Adam E.; Mathieson, Iain; Gejman, Pablo V.
2013
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Abstract
Given the anthropometric differences between men and women and previous evidence of sex-difference in genetic effects, we conducted a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic associations with height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip-ratio (133,723 individuals) and took forward 348 SNPs into follow-up (additional 137,052 individuals) in a total of 94 studies. Seven loci displayed significant sex-difference (FDR<5%), including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were genome-wide significant in women (P<5×10−8), but not in men. Sex-differences were apparent only for waist phenotypes, not for height, weight, BMI, or hip circumference. Moreover, we found no evidence for genetic effects with opposite directions in men versus women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its role in diabetes genetics and therapy. Our results demonstrate the value of sex-specific GWAS to unravel the sexually dimorphic genetic underpinning of complex traits.
Details
Title
Sex-stratified Genome-wide Association Studies Including 270,000 Individuals Show Sexual Dimorphism in Genetic Loci for Anthropometric Traits
Author
Randall, Joshua C. : University of Oxford
Winkler, Thomas W. : University of Regensburg
Kutalik, Zoltán : University of Lausanne
Berndt, Sonja I. : National Cancer Institute
Jackson, Anne U. : University of Michigan
Monda, Keri L. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Esko, Tõnu : University of Tartu
Mägi, Reedik : University of Oxford
Li, Shengxu : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie : Harvard University
Feitosa, Mary F. : Washington University in St. Louis
Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Day, Felix R. : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Fall, Tove : Karolinska Institutet
Ferreira, Teresa : University of Oxford
Gustafsson, Stefan : Karolinska Institutet
Locke, Adam E. : University of Michigan
Mathieson, Iain : University of Oxford
Gejman, Pablo V. : University of Chicago
Winkler, Thomas W. : University of Regensburg
Kutalik, Zoltán : University of Lausanne
Berndt, Sonja I. : National Cancer Institute
Jackson, Anne U. : University of Michigan
Monda, Keri L. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Esko, Tõnu : University of Tartu
Mägi, Reedik : University of Oxford
Li, Shengxu : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie : Harvard University
Feitosa, Mary F. : Washington University in St. Louis
Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Day, Felix R. : Addenbrooke's Hospital
Fall, Tove : Karolinska Institutet
Ferreira, Teresa : University of Oxford
Gustafsson, Stefan : Karolinska Institutet
Locke, Adam E. : University of Michigan
Mathieson, Iain : University of Oxford
Gejman, Pablo V. : University of Chicago
Content Type
Article
Published in
PLOS Genetics
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Funding Information
Aarne Koskelon Säätiö, (https://ror.org/03pkp5n34), ROR
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 40758
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 41071
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 77299
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 102318
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 104781
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 110413
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 117787
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 117844
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 118065
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 118590
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 120315
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 120386
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 121584
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 123885
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 124243
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 124282
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 125876
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 126925
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129269
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129293
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129322
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129378
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129494
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129680
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 139635
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 211497
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 213506
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 250207
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 1114194
ALF, Swedish government, research grant
Agency for Science, Technology, and Research of Singapore, (https://ror.org/036wvzt09), ROR
Althingi
American Heart Association, (https://ror.org/013kjyp64), ROR, 0730094N
Australian Research Council, (https://ror.org/05mmh0f86), ROR, DP0770096
Australian Research Council, (https://ror.org/05mmh0f86), ROR, DP1093900
Biocentrum Helsinki
Boston Medical Center, (https://ror.org/010b9wj87), ROR
Boston University, (https://ror.org/05qwgg493), ROR
British Diabetes Association
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, PG/02/128
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, PG/07/133/24260
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, RG2008/08
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, RG2008/014
Cancer Research UK, (https://ror.org/054225q67), ROR, C490/A8339
Cancer Research UK, (https://ror.org/054225q67), ROR, C490/A10124
Central Norway Regional Health Authority
University Hospital of Lausanne, (https://ror.org/05a353079), ROR
Chief Scientist Office, (https://ror.org/01613vh25), ROR
City of Kuopio
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (https://ror.org/018mejw64), ROR
German Center for Diabetes Research, (https://ror.org/04qq88z54), ROR
Diabetes UK, (https://ror.org/050rgn017), ROR
Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, (https://ror.org/011ptxp32), ROR
Technische Universität Dresden, (https://ror.org/042aqky30), ROR, Funding Grant
Hersenstichting, (https://ror.org/04y8met08), ROR
Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, (https://ror.org/04ch2g225), ROR
Nierstichting, (https://ror.org/020k6v967), ROR, E033
Netherlands Heart Institute, (https://ror.org/01mh6b283), ROR
Amsterdam Public Health, (https://ror.org/0258apj61), ROR
Emil Aaltosen Säätiö, (https://ror.org/005rt3g54), ROR
Erasmus MC, (https://ror.org/018906e22), ROR
Erasmus University Rotterdam, (https://ror.org/057w15z03), ROR
Estonian Government, SF0180142s08
Estonian Biocentre Centre of Excellence in Genomics
European Commission, FP5-QLG2-CT-2002-00896
European Commission, FP5-QLG2-CT-2002-01254
European Commission, FP5-QLRT-2001-01254
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-005272
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-503485
European Commission, FP6-LSHG-CT-2004-518153
European Commission, FP6-LSHG-CT-2006-018947
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037593
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037697
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2007-037273
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201413
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201536
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201550
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201668
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201865
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-230374
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-245536
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-261433
Directorate of Health, (https://ror.org/000qr7b45), ROR, 2004310
Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship
European Union, (https://ror.org/019w4f821), ROR, EURO-BLCS, Framework 5 award, QLG1-CT-2000-01643
European Union, (https://ror.org/019w4f821), ROR, European Regional Development Fund
European Science Foundation, (https://ror.org/04esata81), ROR
Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
Finnish Cultural Foundation, (https://ror.org/027xav248), ROR
Diabetes Tutkimussaatio, (https://ror.org/004j3q729), ROR
Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, (https://ror.org/020apt798), ROR
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Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, (https://ror.org/03tf0c761), ROR
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, (https://ror.org/00k86s890), ROR, Genetic Association Information Network
Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V., (https://ror.org/04ews3245), ROR
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01KU0908A
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GlaxoSmithKline (United States), (https://ror.org/025vn3989), ROR
Göteborg Medical Society, (https://ror.org/02mmcvz81), ROR
The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia
Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology
Healthway, Western Australia
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UK National Institute for Health Research, RP-PG-0310-1002
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US Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative Competitive Grant, 2007-35205-17883
US National Cancer Institute
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268200625226C
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Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 41071
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 77299
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 102318
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 104781
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Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 118590
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 120315
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 120386
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Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 123885
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Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129378
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129494
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 129680
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 139635
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 211497
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 213506
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 250207
Research Council of Finland, (https://ror.org/05k73zm37), ROR, 1114194
ALF, Swedish government, research grant
Agency for Science, Technology, and Research of Singapore, (https://ror.org/036wvzt09), ROR
Althingi
American Heart Association, (https://ror.org/013kjyp64), ROR, 0730094N
Australian Research Council, (https://ror.org/05mmh0f86), ROR, DP0770096
Australian Research Council, (https://ror.org/05mmh0f86), ROR, DP1093900
Biocentrum Helsinki
Boston Medical Center, (https://ror.org/010b9wj87), ROR
Boston University, (https://ror.org/05qwgg493), ROR
British Diabetes Association
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, PG/02/128
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, PG/07/133/24260
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, RG2008/08
British Heart Foundation, (https://ror.org/02wdwnk04), ROR, RG2008/014
Cancer Research UK, (https://ror.org/054225q67), ROR, C490/A8339
Cancer Research UK, (https://ror.org/054225q67), ROR, C490/A10124
Central Norway Regional Health Authority
University Hospital of Lausanne, (https://ror.org/05a353079), ROR
Chief Scientist Office, (https://ror.org/01613vh25), ROR
City of Kuopio
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (https://ror.org/018mejw64), ROR
German Center for Diabetes Research, (https://ror.org/04qq88z54), ROR
Diabetes UK, (https://ror.org/050rgn017), ROR
Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, (https://ror.org/011ptxp32), ROR
Technische Universität Dresden, (https://ror.org/042aqky30), ROR, Funding Grant
Hersenstichting, (https://ror.org/04y8met08), ROR
Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, (https://ror.org/04ch2g225), ROR
Nierstichting, (https://ror.org/020k6v967), ROR, E033
Netherlands Heart Institute, (https://ror.org/01mh6b283), ROR
Amsterdam Public Health, (https://ror.org/0258apj61), ROR
Emil Aaltosen Säätiö, (https://ror.org/005rt3g54), ROR
Erasmus MC, (https://ror.org/018906e22), ROR
Erasmus University Rotterdam, (https://ror.org/057w15z03), ROR
Estonian Government, SF0180142s08
Estonian Biocentre Centre of Excellence in Genomics
European Commission, FP5-QLG2-CT-2002-00896
European Commission, FP5-QLG2-CT-2002-01254
European Commission, FP5-QLRT-2001-01254
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-005272
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2004-503485
European Commission, FP6-LSHG-CT-2004-518153
European Commission, FP6-LSHG-CT-2006-018947
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037593
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2006-037697
European Commission, FP6-LSHM-CT-2007-037273
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201413
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201536
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201550
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201668
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-201865
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-230374
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-245536
European Commission, FP7-HEALTH-261433
Directorate of Health, (https://ror.org/000qr7b45), ROR, 2004310
Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship
European Union, (https://ror.org/019w4f821), ROR, EURO-BLCS, Framework 5 award, QLG1-CT-2000-01643
European Union, (https://ror.org/019w4f821), ROR, European Regional Development Fund
European Science Foundation, (https://ror.org/04esata81), ROR
Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
Finnish Cultural Foundation, (https://ror.org/027xav248), ROR
Diabetes Tutkimussaatio, (https://ror.org/004j3q729), ROR
Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, (https://ror.org/020apt798), ROR
Tekes, (https://ror.org/02ag8cq23), ROR, 40058/07
Tekes, (https://ror.org/02ag8cq23), ROR, 70103/06
Finnish Heart Association
Finnish Medical Society Duodecim, (https://ror.org/056xr2125), ROR
Ministry of Education and Culture, (https://ror.org/02w52zt87), ROR, 627:2004–2011
Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, (https://ror.org/050p9zb50), ROR, 5254
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, (https://ror.org/03tf0c761), ROR
Finnish Slot Machine Association
Folkhälsanin Tutkimussäätiö, (https://ror.org/01xjctg43), ROR
Fondation Leducq, (https://ror.org/01czwga19), ROR
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, (https://ror.org/03tf0c761), ROR
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, (https://ror.org/00k86s890), ROR, Genetic Association Information Network
Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V., (https://ror.org/04ews3245), ROR
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01KU0908A
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01AK803A-H
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01IG07015G
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01GS0823
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01GS0834
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01ZZ0103
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01ZZ0403
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01ZZ9603
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 03ZIK012
Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt, (https://ror.org/04pz7b180), ROR, 01ER1206
Helmholtz Zentrum München, (https://ror.org/00cfam450), ROR
GlaxoSmithKline (United States), (https://ror.org/025vn3989), ROR
Göteborg Medical Society, (https://ror.org/02mmcvz81), ROR
The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia
Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology
Healthway, Western Australia
Heinz Nixdorf Foundation
Helmholtz Zentrum München
Helsinki University Central Hospital
Hjartavernd
Hospital district of Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia, and Central Finland
International Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek
Italian Ministry of Health
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Juho Vainio Foundation
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm County Council, 560183
Stockholm County Council, 562183
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Lundberg Foundation
March of Dimes, 6-FY-09-507
Medical Research Foundation of Umeå University
Ministry of Health and Department of Educational Assistance, University and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano
Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, 108-1080315-0302
Montreal Heart Institute Foundation
The Municipal Health Care Center and Hospital in Jakobstad
Municipality of Nijmegen
Municipality of Rotterdam
Närpes Health Care Foundation
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 241944
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 389875
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 389891
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 389892
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 389938
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 442915
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 442981
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 496739
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 496688
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 552485
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 613672
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 613601
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, 1011506
Netherlands Brain Foundation
Netherlands Centre for Medical Systems Biology
Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 014-93-015
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 050-060-810
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 40-0056-98-9032
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 175-010-2005-011
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 175-010-2007-006
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 184-021-007
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 311-60-008
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 400-05-717
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 480-04-004
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 480-05-003
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 904-61-090
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 904-61-193
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 911-03-012
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 916-761-70
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, 985-10-002
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, SPI 56-464-14192
Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam
NHS, Support for Science Funding Programme
Nord-Trøndelag County Council
Nordic Center of Cardiovascular Research
Nordic Centre of Excellence in Disease Genetics, Nordic Centre of Excellence in Systems Biology, 070014
Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Norwegian Research Council, 185764
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Novo Nordisk Foundation
Ollqvist Foundation
Orion-Farmos Research Foundation
Paavo Nurmi Foundation
Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation
Paul Michael Donovan Charitable Foundation
Perklén Foundation
Petrus and Augusta Hedlunds Foundation
Province of Groningen
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
Royal Swedish Academy of Science
Sardstedt AG & Co.
Siemens Healthcare
Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation
Sigrid Juselius Foundation
Social Insurance Institution of Finland, 4/26/2010
South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation
Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation
Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland
Swedish Diabetes Association
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation
Swedish Research Council, (https://ror.org/03zttf063), ROR, 0593
Swedish Research Council, (https://ror.org/03zttf063), ROR, 8691
Swedish Research Council, (https://ror.org/03zttf063), ROR, 2006-3832
Swedish Research Council, (https://ror.org/03zttf063), ROR, K2007-66X-20270-01-3
Swedish Research Council, (https://ror.org/03zttf063), ROR, K2010-54X-09894-19-3
Swiss National Science Foundation, 310000-112552
Swiss National Science Foundation, 33CSCO-122661
Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation
Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation
UK Economic and Social Research Council
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G0000649
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G0601261
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G9521010D
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G0000934
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G0500539
UK Medical Research Council, Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Disease, Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, PrevMetSyn/SALVE, MRC-GSK pilot programme, G0600705
UK National Institute for Health Research, RP-PG-0310-1002
University Hospital Essen
University Hospital Kuopio
University Hospital Oulu
University Hospital Tampere
University Hospital Turku
University of Groningen
University of Lausanne
University of Leipzig
University of Tromsø
University Medical Center Groningen
University of Tartu
US Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative Competitive Grant, 2007-35205-17883
US National Cancer Institute
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268200625226C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100005C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100006C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100007C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100008C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100009C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100010C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100011C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 268201100012C
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 5R01HL087679-02
US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1RL1MH083268-01
US National Human Genome Research Institute
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5R01MH63706:02
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AA007535
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AA014041
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AA013320
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AA013321
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AA013326
US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AG004563
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, K23DK080145
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, P01CA87969
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, P30DK063491
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, P30DK072488
National Institutes of Health, M01RR16500
National Institutes of Health, N01AG12100
National Institutes of Health, N01AG12109
National Institutes of Health, N01HC25195
National Institutes of Health, N01HC35129
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85079
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85080
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85081
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85082
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85083
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85084
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85085
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85086
National Institutes of Health, N01HC85239
National Institutes of Health, N01HG65403
National Institutes of Health, N02HL64278
Swedish Research Council, K2010-52X-20229-05-3
Publication Date
2013-06-06
Language
English
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2023-11-03