Drawing upon ethnographic research among Adivasi (indigenous) Christian communities in Jharkhand, India, this dissertation offers a critique of the concept of context as it functions in contextual theology. Although contextual theologians have long criticized universalizing tendencies in theology for overlooking the resources and perspectives of diverse communities (going so far as to argue, in some cases, that context ought to determine theology), they have failed to apply that critical lens to the notion of context itself. But context, I argue, is not a given; those who ostensibly share the same context may experience, interpret, and engage with it differently. Through an examination of contested aspects of the Adivasi context—including the disconnect between theologians and lay Adivasi Christians, a schism within the Lutheran Adivasi church, conflicts between Christian Adivasis and those who continue to practice their traditional Sarna religion, and the role of outsiders in shaping Adivasi theology—I point out the constructive work involved in making sense of contexts, highlighting ways in which the hermeneutical task of delineating and situating oneself within a context may be shaped by one’s theological commitments. Each chapter challenges a prevailing assumption about contextual theology in light of the indeterminacy of context: the extent to which it emerges as a grassroots phenomenon, its capacity to embrace difference, its potential to create interfaith harmony, and the necessity of belonging to a context in order to contribute to the development of its contextual theology. Although a critical perspective on context destabilizes traditional approaches to contextual theology, I argue that it can strengthen the field, helping theologians to engage with rapidly changing contexts, embrace and learn from diversity, honor the incarnational nature of Christian faith, and expand our understanding of the role of theology in shaping contexts.