This is the first comprehensive history of the philology seminar as an institutional, intellectual, pedagogical, and scientific space. It also breaks new ground by studying the history of philology from a history of science perspective. “Philology as a Way of Knowing” demonstrates how and why classical philology became the preeminent science at German universities in the period 1730–1830 by telling two interrelated stories. On one hand, it reveals how the transformation of philological methods and pedagogical practices within philology seminars led to the emergence of a distinctive philological ethos and way of knowing, which spread through German academia like wildfire. On the other hand, it traces the braided institutional, cultural, and political factors that facilitated classical philology’s increasing institutional authority, educational importance, and scientific legitimacy.By juxtaposing these two analyses, this dissertation explains how the rise of classical philology as a discipline was fundamentally linked to the development and dissemination of certain scholarly ideals, epistemic virtues, and habits of mind, which comprised the philological ethos. It also provides a new explanation for classical philology’s institutional and cultural significance in the nineteenth century that links it directly to the field’s growing epistemic authority and scientific legitimacy after 1750. The analysis ends in 1830 because I contend that this was the point at which classical philology’s position at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of disciplines, as the dominant subject in German secondary schools, and as a powerful cultural touchstone for generations of Gymnasium students, was secured. Finally, by arguing that the philological ethos of the seminars constituted a new way of knowing and positing that this ethos contributed to the formation of a distinctive mode of German science, this dissertation offer an opening provocation that I hope will stimulate bold new research, which transcends the boundaries between the history of science and the history of the humanities globally.