Racial discrimination in medical settings presents a significant barrier to health equity, yet its impact on health-related behaviors remains underexplored. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between racial discrimination in medical settings and a range of health behaviors, and explore the role of neighborhood social cohesion in moderating these relationships. Using data from a 2018 survey of 506 adults in Chicago, Illinois, logistic regression analyses were conducted on a complete-case sample (N = 416). Results revealed that racial discrimination in medical settings was significantly associated with lower odds of high medication adherence and higher odds of tobacco use, even after adjusting for gender, age, race/ethnicity, and insurance status. Contrary to expectations, neighborhood social cohesion did not moderate these relationships. The results of the present study successfully highlight the behavioral pathways through which racial discrimination within medical settings may contribute to health disparities and guide public health officials and policymakers in developing targeted interventions that address systemic discrimination and promote equitable healthcare experiences.