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Abstract

This study explores gendered violence, emotional expression, and performative identities in the top 200 popular songs from Colombia on Spotify between 2017 and 2021, focusing on the Spanish lyrical content of solo and collaborative artists. Hypothesis 1 reveals that male collaborations use more derogatory language than male solo artists, amplifying violence through group dynamics. Hypothesis 2 shows that anger, as an automatic tool to assert dominance among Colombian male artists, aligns with Raewyn Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity. Hypothesis 3 reflects Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, demonstrating how women embody societal scripts of nurturing and compliance shaped by the male gaze. These findings support Veena Das’s notion of language as a tool of everyday violence.The results emphasize the role of popular music and culture in perpetuating gendered narratives and societal norms in Colombia. Future research should investigate emotional expression in Spanish-language lyrics, assess the severity of derogatory language, and examine the cultural construction of female desire. This work advances the understanding of how gender, power, and culture intersect in musical expression.

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