This dissertation, titled “A Different Path to Jewish Modernity: Counter-Enlightenment Responses of Philosophies of Halakhah to German Idealism in the Twentieth Century,” explores the complex interplay between modern philosophical concepts and the lived experience of halakhic Judaism within its own theological and conceptual framework, culminating in the Jewish Lebenswelt. I delve into the translatability and adaptability of these modern philosophical concepts, particularly in the realm of twentieth-century philosophies of halakhah. I establish a methodological approach that goes beyond mere translatability to consider “analogous adaptability,” employing David Tracy’s “analogical imagination” concept. I analyze how post-enlightenment Jewish philosophy accommodated Kantian ideas and often modified traditional Jewish thought, or halakhah, in favor of the Kantian principle of the autonomy of thought, theoretical and practical (ethical) reason. I then show how, in contrast, twentieth-century Jewish philosophers of halakhah, influenced by German Christian theologians such as Karl Barth and Emil Brunner and the political theology of Carl Schmitt, defended traditional Jewish practices and integrated them into modern discourse. The dissertation also illuminates hermeneutical language’s role, particularly from kabbalah, in shaping the conceptual horizons of twentieth-century rabbinic and halakhic philosophy. An epilogue concludes the dissertation, tracing a contemporary shift in non-liberal halakhic Jewish thought. This shift is from an ethical discourse, centered and rooted in halakhah, to a pseudo-halakhic discourse prioritizing eschatological myth. The messianic political-theological, which finds its intellectual home amongst right-wing religious-nationalist Jews living in the modern state of Israel, is an example of a radical change from the intellectual milieu and halakhic and theological concerns that engaged traditional rabbinic thought concerns that engaged traditional rabbinic Judaism and focus presented in my dissertation.