Nanoscale Metal-Organic Layer Reprograms Cellular Metabolism to Enhance Photodynamic Therapy and Antitumor Immunity

Abnormal cancer metabolism causes hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which limits the antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we report a photosensitizing nanoscale metal–organic layer (MOL) with anchored 3-bromopyruvate (BrP), BrP@MOL, as a metabolic reprogramming agent to enhance PDT and antitumor immunity. BrP@MOL inhibited mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis to oxygenate tumors and reduce lactate production. This metabolic reprogramming enhanced reactive oxygen species generation during PDT and reshaped the immunosuppressive TME to enhance antitumor immunity. BrP@MOL-mediated PDT inhibited tumor growth by >90 % with 40 % of mice being tumor-free, rejected tumor re-challenge, and prevented lung metastasis. Further combination with immune checkpoint blockade potently regressed the tumors with >98 % tumor inhibition and 80 % of mice being tumor-free.