Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework Confines Zinc-Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy

The performance of photodynamic therapy (PDT) depends on the solubility, pharmacokinetic behaviors, and photophysical properties of photosensitizers (PSs). However, highly conjugated PSs with strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency tend to have poor solubility and aggregate in aqueous environments, leading to suboptimal PDT performance. Here, we report a new strategy to load highly conjugated but poorly soluble zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnP) PSs in the pores of a Hf₁₂-QC (QC = 2″,3′-dinitro-[1,1':4′,1";4″,1'"-quaterphenyl]-4,4'"-dicarboxylate) nanoscale metal–organic framework to afford ZnP@Hf-QC with spatially confined ZnP PSs. ZnP@Hf-QC avoids aggregation-induced quenching of ZnP excited states to significantly enhance ROS generation upon light irradiation. With higher cellular uptake, enhanced ROS generation, and better biocompatibility, ZnP@Hf-QC mediated PDT exhibited an IC₅₀ of 0.14 μM and achieved exceptional antitumor efficacy with >99% tumor growth inhibition and 80% cure rates on two murine colon cancer models.