Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis

Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution, and autophagy. Tubular lysosomes are studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. Here we describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Proteolytic activity maps at single-lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative and showed proximal to distal luminal pH and Ca²⁺ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted but never previously observed. We identify a role for tubular lysosomes in promoting phagocytosis and activating MMP9. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without starving or activating immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.

All data related to the study are included in the article and supporting information. The raw data supporting Figs. 1–6, respectively, are available for public access at Figshare (80–85): https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_1/16571561/1, https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_2/16571570/2, https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_3/16571579/2, https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_4/16571582/2, https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_5/16571585/2, and https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Figure_6/16574231/2.