Combatting the Algorithms: How Chinese Delivery Riders Survive and Thrive in the Platform Economy

The burgeoning platform economy has given rise to a new form of gig labor, providing flexibility yet entrenching workers in a precarious state of existence. In this paper, I investigate the paradox of technological innovation and deteriorating labor conditions, focusing on the case of China's food delivery industry. Drawing on published sociological ethnographies and firsthand social media accounts from delivery riders, I find that the delivery platform enforces pervasive yet covert digital surveillance on riders through acting as the enabler, mediator, and evaluator of the delivery process. Platforms also restructure labor relationships to evade employer responsibilities and legal obligations. I argue that the platform, despite appearing to be a neutral agent, has enforced "submerged algorithmic management" that systematically dictates, monitors, and disciplines workers' behaviors in ways that remain largely invisible to them. Despite the tightening grip of digital control, riders demonstrate creative resistance by leveraging algorithmic loopholes and solidarity networks. I conclude by highlighting recent legislation and public policies aimed to uplift the working conditions of delivery riders.