@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {9629},
      author = {Callier, Thierri and Brantly, Nathan W. and Caravelli,  Attilio and Bensmaia, Sliman J.},
      title = {The frequency of cortical microstimulation shapes  artificial touch},
      journal = {PNAS},
      address = {2020-01-14},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of the somatosensory  cortex evokes vivid tactile sensations and can be used to  convey sensory feedback from brain-controlled bionic hands.  Changes in ICMS frequency lead to changes in the resulting  sensation, but the discriminability of frequency has only  been investigated over a narrow range of low frequencies.  Furthermore, the sensory correlates of changes in ICMS  frequency remain poorly understood. Specifically, it  remains to be elucidated whether changes in frequency only  modulate sensation magnitude - as do changes in amplitude -  or whether they also modulate the quality of the sensation.  To fill these gaps, we trained monkeys to discriminate the  frequency of ICMS pulse trains over a wide range of  frequencies (from 10 to 400 Hz). ICMS amplitude also varied  across stimuli to dissociate sensation magnitude from ICMS  frequency and ensure that animals could not make frequency  judgments based on magnitude. We found that animals could  consistently discriminate ICMS frequency up to ∼200 Hz but  that the sensory correlates of frequency were highly  electrode dependent: On some electrodes, changes in  frequency were perceptually distinguishable from changes in  amplitude - seemingly giving rise to a change in sensory  quality; on others, they were not. We discuss the  implications of our findings for neural coding and for  brain-controlled bionic hands. © 2020 National Academy of  Sciences. All rights reserved.},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/9629},
}