@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {8056},
      author = {Singh, Armaan and Hyman, Max J. and Modi, Parth K.},
      title = { Evaluation of Industry Payments to US Advanced Practice  Clinicians in 2021},
      journal = {JAMA Network Open},
      address = {2022-11-18},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {&lt;p&gt;Importance: Advanced practice clinicians (APCs) are a  growing part of the US health care system, and their  financial relationships with pharmaceutical and medical  device companies have not been well studied.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Objectives: To examine the value, frequency, and types  of payments made to APCs and the association of state  scope-of-practice laws with these payments.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Design,  setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study used  2021 Open Payments Program data to analyze payments from  pharmaceutical or medical device companies to physicians or  APCs between January 1 and December 31, 2021. Doctors of  medicine and osteopathy were categorized as physicians, and  nurse practitioners, physician assistants, clinical nurse  specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists,  certified nurse midwives, and anesthesiologist assistants  as APCs.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Main outcomes and measures: The total value  and total number of payments were calculated in aggregate  and per clinician for each type of APC, all APCs, and  physicians. These calculations were repeated by submitting  manufacturer, form of payment, nature of payment, and state  scope-of-practice law for nurse practitioners, physician  assistants, and physicians.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Results: A total of 412  000 physicians and 232 000 APCs collectively received 1.99  billion dollars in payments from industry in 2021, of which  APCs received 121 million dollars (6.1%). The median total  value of payments per clinician for physicians was 167  dollars (IQR, 45-712 dollars) and for APCs was 117 dollars  (IQR, 33-357 dollars). The median total number of payments  per clinician was equal for physicians and APCs (n = 4).  The most common payments to APCs included food and beverage  (69 million dollars [57.6%]), compensation for services  other than consulting (32 million dollars [26.4%]), and  consulting fees (8 million dollars [6.6%]). Advanced  practice clinicians in states with the most restrictive  scope-of-practice laws received 15.9% lower total value of  payments than those in the least restrictive states (P =  .002). Physician assistants received 7.6% (P = .005) higher  value and 18.1% (P &lt; .001) greater number of payments than  nurse practitioners.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusions and relevance: In  this cross-sectional study, 232 000 APCs collectively  received $121 million in industry payments in 2021. The  frequency of industry interactions with APCs was similar to  that for physicians, but the average value was lower. The  greater value of payments to APCs who practice in states  with the least restrictive scope-of-practice laws suggests  that industry payments may be related to clinician  autonomy.&lt;/p&gt;},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/8056},
}