@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {14583},
      author = {Ortloff, Charles R.},
      title = {Water Engineering at Precolumbian AD 600–1100 Tiwanaku’s  Urban Center (Bolivia)},
      journal = {Water},
      address = {2020-12-18},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {The pre-Columbian World Heritage site of Tiwanaku (AD  600–1100) located in highland altiplano Bolivia is shown to  have a unique urban water supply system with many advanced  hydraulic and hydrological features. By use of  Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of the city  water system, new revelations as to the complexity of the  water system are brought forward. The water system consists  of a perimeter drainage channel surrounding the ceremonial  center of the city. A network of surface canals and  subterranean channels connected to the perimeter drainage  channel are supplied by multiple canals from a rainfall  collection reservoir. The perimeter drainage channel  provides rapid draining of rainy season rainfall runoff  together with aquifer drainage of intercepted rainfall;  water collected in the perimeter drainage channel is then  directed to the Tiwanaku River then on to Lake Titicaca.  During the dry season aquifer drainage continues into the  perimeter drainage channel; additional water is directed  into the drainage channel from a recently discovered,  reservoir connected M channel. Two subterranean channels  beneath the ceremonial center were supplied by M channel  water delivered into the perimeter drainage channel that  served to remove waste from the ceremonial center  structures conveyed to the nearby Tiwanaku River. From  control of the water supply to/from the perimeter drainage  channel during wet and dry seasonal changes, stabilization  of the deep groundwater level was achieved—this resulted in  the stabilization of monumental ceremonial structure’s  foundations, a continuous water supply to inner city  agricultural zones, water pools for urban use and health  benefits for the city population through moisture level  reduction in city ceremonial and secular urban housing  structures.},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/14583},
}