@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {13805},
      author = {Rossato, Dirleane O. and Boligon, Danessa and Fornel,  Rodrigo and Kronforst, Marcus R. and Gonçalves, Gislene L.  and Moreira, Gilson R. P.},
      title = {Subtle variation in size and shape of the whole forewing  and the red band among co-mimics revealed by geometric  morphometric analysis in <i>Heliconius</i>  butterflies},
      journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
      address = {2018-02-19},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {Heliconius are unpalatable butterflies that exhibit  remarkable intra- and interspecific variation in wing color  pattern, specifically warning coloration. Species that have  converged on the same pattern are often clustered in  Müllerian mimicry rings. Overall, wing color patterns are  nearly identical among co-mimics. However, fine-scale  differences exist, indicating that factors in addition to  natural selection may underlie wing phenotype. Here, we  investigate differences in shape and size of the forewing  and the red band in the Heliconius postman mimicry ring (H.  erato phyllis and the co-mimics H. besckei, H. melpomene  burchelli, and H. melpomene nanna) using a landmark-based  approach. If phenotypic evolution is driven entirely by  predation pressure, we expect nonsignificant differences  among co-mimics in terms of wing shape. Also, a  reinforcement of wing pattern (i.e., greater similarity)  could occur when co-mimics are in sympatry. We also  examined variation in the red forewing band because this  trait is critical for both mimicry and sexual  communication. Morphometric results revealed significant  but small differences among species, particularly in the  shape of the forewing of co-mimics. Although we did not  observe greater similarity when co-mimics were in sympatry,  nearly identical patterns provided evidence of convergence  for mimicry. In contrast, mimetic pairs could be  distinguished based on the shape (but not the size) of the  red band, suggesting an “advergence” process. In addition,  sexual dimorphism in the red band shape (but not size) was  found for all lineages. Thus, we infer that natural  selection due to predation by birds might not be the only  mechanism responsible for variation in color patterns, and  sexual selection could be an important driver of wing  phenotypic evolution in this mimicry ring.},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/13805},
}