@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {13449},
      author = {Prominski, Aleksander and Li, Pengju and Miao, Bernadette  A. and Tian, Bozhi},
      title = {Nanoenabled Bioelectrical Modulation},
      journal = {Accounts of Materials Research},
      address = {2021-08-30},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {&lt;p&gt;Studying the formation and interactions between  biological systems and artificial materials is significant  for probing complex biophysical behaviors and addressing  challenging biomedical problems. Bioelectrical interfaces,  especially nanostructure-based, have improved compatibility  with cells and tissues and enabled new approaches to  biological modulation. In particular, free-standing and  remotely activated bioelectrical devices demonstrate  potential for precise biophysical investigation and  efficient clinical therapies. Interacting with single cells  or organelles requires devices of sufficiently small size  for high resolution probing. Nanoscale semiconductors,  given their diverse functionalities, are promising device  platforms for subcellular modulation. Tissue-level  modulation requires additional consideration regarding the  device’s mechanical compliance for either conformal contact  with the tissue surface or seamless three-dimensional (3D)  biointegration. Flexible or even open-framework designs are  essential in such methods. For chronic organ integration,  the highest level of biocompatibility is required for both  the materials and device configurations. Additionally, a  scalable and high-throughput design is necessary to  simultaneously interact with many individual cells in the  organ. The physical, chemical, and mechanical stabilities  of devices for organ implantation may be improved by  ensuring matching of mechanical behavior at biointerfaces,  including passivation or resistance designs to mitigate  physiological impacts, or incorporating self-healing or  adaptative properties.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Recent research demonstrates  principles of nanostructured material designs that can be  used to improve biointerfaces. Nanoenabled extracellular  interfaces were frequently used for either electrical or  remote optical modulation of cells and tissues. In  particular, methods are now available for designing and  screening nanostructured silicon, especially chemical vapor  deposition (CVD)-derived nanowires and two-dimensional (2D)  nanostructured membranes, for biological modulation in  vitro and in vivo. For intra- and intercellular biological  modulation, semiconductor/cell composites have been created  through the internalization of nanowires, and such cellular  composites can even integrate with living tissues. This  approach was demonstrated for both neuronal and cardiac  modulation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;At a different front, laser-derived  nanocrystalline semiconductors showed electrochemical and  photoelectrochemical activities, and they were used to  modulate cells and organs. Recently, self-assembly of  nanoscale building blocks enabled fabrication of efficient  monolithic carbon-based electrodes for in vitro stimulation  of cardiomyocytes, ex vivo stimulation of retinas and  hearts, and in vivo stimulation of sciatic nerves.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Future studies on nanoenabled bioelectrical modulation  should focus on improving efficiency and stability of  current and emerging technologies. New materials and  devices can access new interrogation targets, such as  subcellular structures, and possess more adaptable and  responsive properties enabling seamless integration.  Drawing inspiration from energy science and catalysis can  help in such progress and open new avenues for biological  modulation. The fundamental study of living bioelectronics  could yield new cellular composites for diverse biological  signaling control. In situ self-assembled biointerfaces are  of special interest in this area as cell type targeting can  be achieved.&lt;/p&gt;},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/13449},
}