@article{TEXTUAL,
      recid = {12143},
      author = {Choi, Yichul and Córdova, Clay and Hsin, Po-Shen and Lam,  Ho Tat and Shao, Shu-Heng},
      title = {Noninvertible duality defects in $3+1$ dimensions},
      journal = {Physical Review D},
      address = {2022},
      number = {TEXTUAL},
      abstract = {For any quantum system invariant under gauging a  higher-form global symmetry, we construct a noninvertible  topological defect by gauging in only half of the  spacetime. This generalizes the Kramers-Wannier duality  line in $1+1$ dimensions to higher spacetime dimensions. We  focus on the case of a one-form symmetry in $3+1$  dimensions, and determine the fusion rule. From a direct  analysis of one-form symmetry protected topological phases,  we show that the existence of certain kinds of duality  defects is intrinsically incompatible with a trivially  gapped phase. We give an explicit realization of this  duality defect in the free Maxwell theory, both in the  continuum and in a modified Villain lattice model. The  duality defect is realized by a Chern-Simons coupling  between the gauge fields from the two sides. We further  construct the duality defect in non-Abelian gauge theories  and the $Z_N$ lattice gauge theory.},
      url = {http://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/12143},
}